вЂњDe novo biosynthesis of morphine in animal cells: an evidence-based modelвЂќ. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. вЂњEndogenous formation of morphine in human cellsвЂќ.

^ Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, DrГ¤ger B, Zenk MH (thГЎng ).

вЂњMorphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptorвЂќ. вЂњIdentification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activityвЂќ. ^ Hughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR (thГЎng ).PBS Online: A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries. Posttranslational processing can be illustrated by the cleavage and modification of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor of several peptides with distinct biological actions, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), О±-melanocytestimulating hormone (О±-MSH also called melanocortin), and ОІ-endorphin. Different patterns of tissue-specific cleavage is another step by which a diversity of signaling peptides can be generated. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (бєҐn bбєЈn 2). ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009).^ вЂњIs there a link between exercise and happiness?вЂќ.вЂњOpioid glycopeptide analgesics derived from endogenous enkephalins and endorphinsвЂќ. ^ a b Li Y, Lefever MR, Muthu D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R (thГЎng ).вЂњEffect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on body temperature in ratsвЂќ. ^ a b Goldstein A, Lowery PJ (thГЎng ).Comments: ОІ-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligandВ . International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine

The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, Вµ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993 Cruciani et al., 1994 Stefano and Scharrer, 1994 Makman et al., 1995).В . Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.В . вЂњEndogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011вЂќ (PDF).

^ Stefano GB, PtГЎДЌek R, KuЕѕelovГЎ H, Kream RM (2012).

CГЎc nghiГЄn cб»©u Д‘ГЈ chб»©ng minh rбє±ng mГґ ngЖ°б»ќi vГ Д‘б»™ng vбєt Д‘a dбєЎng cГі khбєЈ nДѓng sбєЈn xuбєҐt morphin, Д‘Гўy khГґng phбєЈi lГ mб»™t peptide.

Snyder cб»§a Hoa Kб»і Д‘ГЈ tГ¬m thбєҐy thб»© mГ Eric Simon (ngЖ°б»ќi Д‘б»™c lбєp phГЎt hiб»‡n ra thб»Ґ thб»ѓ opioid trong nГЈo Д‘б»‘t sб»‘ng) chбєҐt sau Д‘Гі gб»Ќi lГ 'endorphin' bбє±ng cГЎch viбєїt tбєЇt cб»§a endogenous morphine -'morphine nб»™i sinh', cГі nghД©a lГ 'morphin Д‘Ж°б»Јc sбєЈn xuбєҐt tб»± nhiГЄn trong cЖЎ thб»ѓ'. Д¬Г№ng thб»ќi gian Д‘Гі, trong mб»™t bб»™ nГЈo cб»§a mб»™t con bГЄ, Rabi Simantov vГ Solomon H. Mб»™t nhГіm gб»“m John Hughes vГ Hans Kosterlitz cб»§a Scotland Д‘ГЈ cГґ lбєp - tб»« nГЈo cб»§a mб»™t con lб»Јn - chбєҐt mГ mб»™t sб»‘ ngЖ°б»ќi gб»Ќi lГ 'enkephalins' (tб»« tiбєїng Hy LбєЎp ОµОіОєОП†О±О» П‚П‚, cerebrum). Opioid neuropeptide Д‘Ж°б»Јc phГЎt hiб»‡n lбє§n Д‘бє§u tiГЄn vГ o nДѓm 1974 bб»џi hai nhГіm Д‘iб»Ѓu tra Д‘б»™c lбєp: PhГўn loбєЎi Д®ndorphin bao gб»“m ba loбєЎi peptide opioid nб»™i sinh: О±-endorphin ОІ-endorphin, Д‘Ж°б»Јc cбєЇt tб»« proopiomelanocortin vГ Оі-endorphin. Chб»©c nДѓng chГnh cб»§a endorphin lГ б»©c chбєї sб»± truyб»Ѓn tГn hiб»‡u Д‘au chГєng cЕ©ng cГі thб»ѓ tбєЎo ra cбєЈm giГЎc hЖ°ng phбєҐn rбєҐt giб»‘ng vб»›i cбєЈm giГЎc do cГЎc opioid khГЎc tбєЎo ra. NhГіm endorphin bao gб»“m ba hб»Јp chбєҐt: О±-endorphin - (Alpha endorphin), ОІ-endorphin - (beta endorphin) vГ Оі-endorphin (gamma endorphin) - Ж°u tiГЄn liГЄn kбєїt vб»›i thб»Ґ thб»ѓ Ој-opioid. NГі bao gб»“m hai phбє§n: endo- vГ -orphin Д‘Гўy lГ nhб»Їng dбєЎng ngбєЇn cб»§a cГЎc tб»« nб»™i sinh vГ morphin, cГі nghД©a lГ 'mб»™t chбєҐt giб»‘ng morphin cГі nguб»“n gб»‘c tб»« bГЄn trong cЖЎ thб»ѓ'. Thuбєt ngб»Ї 'endorphin' ngб»Ґ ГЅ mб»™t hoбєЎt Д‘б»™ng dЖ°б»Јc lГЅ (tЖ°ЖЎng tб»± nhЖ° hoбєЎt Д‘б»™ng cб»§a loбєЎi sinh hГіa corticosteroid) trГЎi ngЖ°б»Јc vб»›i cГґng thб»©c hГіa hб»Ќc cб»Ґ thб»ѓ. ChГєng Д‘Ж°б»Јc sбєЈn xuбєҐt bб»џi hб»‡ thбє§n kinh trung Ж°ЖЎng vГ tuyбєїn yГЄn. Xin hГЈy giГєp cбєЈi thiб»‡n bГ i viбєїt hoбє·c viбєїt lбєЎi nГі Д‘б»ѓ cбєЈi thiб»‡n bбєЈn dб»‹ch tб»‘t hЖЎn.Д¬hГє ГЅ: Nhб»Їng bбєЈn dб»‹ch rГµ rГ ng lГ dб»‹ch mГЎy hoбє·c cГі chбєҐt lЖ°б»Јng kГ©m, KHГ”NG dГ№ng bбєЈn mбє«u nГ y, vui lГІng Д‘бє·t Д‘б»ѓ xГіa bбєЈn dб»‹ch kГ©m.Д®ndorphin (viбєїt tбєЇt tб»« endogenous morphine, nghД©a lГ 'morphin nб»™i sinh' В 'hoocmon cб»§a sб»± hбєЎnh phГєc' lГ cГЎc neuropeptide opioid nб»™i sinh vГ hormone peptide б»џ ngЖ°б»ќi vГ cГЎc Д‘б»™ng vбєt khГЎc. ДђГўy cГі thб»ѓ lГ kбєїt quбєЈ cб»§a mГЎy tГnh hoбє·c cб»§a ngЖ°б»ќi chЖ°a thГґng thбєЎo dб»‹ch thuбєt. BГ i viбєїt nГ y lГ mб»™t bбєЈn dб»‹ch thГґ tб»« ngГґn ngб»Ї khГЎc.